{"id":2880,"date":"2026-02-21T09:23:54","date_gmt":"2026-02-21T08:23:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.nest-institute.org\/?p=2880"},"modified":"2026-02-23T12:57:34","modified_gmt":"2026-02-23T11:57:34","slug":"klasifikacia-ruska-ako-teroristickeho-statu-na-zaklade-unosov-ukrajinskych-deti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.nest-institute.org\/en\/temy\/spolocenska-oblast\/klasifikacia-ruska-ako-teroristickeho-statu-na-zaklade-unosov-ukrajinskych-deti\/","title":{"rendered":"Klasifik\u00e1cia Ruska ako teroristick\u00e9ho \u0161t\u00e1tu na z\u00e1klade \u00fanosov \u00a0ukrajinsk\u00fdch det\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"

AutorkaVikt\u00f3ria Hip\u0161ov\u00e1<\/strong> je \u0161tudentka Politol\u00f3gie a Bezpe\u010dnostn\u00fdch a strategick\u00fdch \u0161t\u00fadi\u00ed na Masarykovej univerzite v Brne. P\u00f4sobila ako st\u00e1\u017eistka v Infosecurity.sk, spoluorganizovala ob\u010dianske protesty Za slu\u0161n\u00e9 Slovensko v Brne a participovala na kampani Michala Wiezika do Eur\u00f3pskeho parlamentu. Aktu\u00e1lne je dobrovo\u013en\u00ed\u010dkou v organiz\u00e1cii Nezlomn\u00ed a prispievate\u013ekou do \u010dasopisu Nota Bene. Prim\u00e1rne sa venuje bezpe\u010dnostn\u00fdm hrozb\u00e1m spojen\u00fdch s Ruskom a terorizmu.
<\/em> Cel\u00fa pr\u00e1cu si m\u00f4\u017eete stiahnu\u0165 v pdf<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obr\u00e1zok: Thierry Monasse\/Getty Images<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Po ruskej inv\u00e1zii Ukrajiny 24. febru\u00e1ra 2022 ukrajinsk\u00e9 \u00farady ozn\u00e1mili \u00fanos tis\u00edcok ukrajinsk\u00fdch det\u00ed  z okupovan\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00ed a ich presun do Ruskej feder\u00e1cie (Ayd\u0131ng\u00fcn, Morkva, Ayd\u0131ng\u00fcn 2025). V roku  2023 vydal Medzin\u00e1rodn\u00fd trestn\u00fd s\u00fad zatyka\u010de na V. Putina a M. Lvovu-Belovu za nez\u00e1konn\u00fa  deport\u00e1ciu det\u00ed, ktor\u00fa kvalifikoval ako vojnov\u00fd zlo\u010din (International Criminal Court 2023). Hoci  akademick\u00e1 literat\u00fara tieto \u010diny preva\u017ene analyzuje ako vojnov\u00e9 zlo\u010diny alebo genoc\u00eddu, ich mo\u017en\u00e9  zaradenie do r\u00e1mca \u0161t\u00e1tneho terorizmu zost\u00e1va nedostato\u010dne presk\u00faman\u00e9. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e1to pr\u00e1ca aplikuje Claridgeho model \u0161t\u00e1tneho terorizmu (1996) na empirick\u00fa realitu prostredn\u00edctvom  met\u00f3dy zhody s cie\u013eom odpoveda\u0165 na v\u00fdskumn\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky: Spl\u0148uje systematick\u00e9 un\u00e1\u0161anie ukrajinsk\u00fdch  det\u00ed Ruskom krit\u00e9ri\u00e1 \u0161t\u00e1tneho terorizmu a do akej miery empirick\u00e9 zistenia zodpovedaj\u00fa Claridgeovmu  teoretick\u00e9mu r\u00e1mcu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Konceptualiz\u00e1cia a operacionaliz\u00e1cia <\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e1to \u0161t\u00fadia aplikuje Claridgeovu (1996) defin\u00edciu terorizmu, ktor\u00e1 konceptualizuje terorizmus ako:  \u201eTerorizmus je systematick\u00e1 hrozba alebo pou\u017eitie n\u00e1silia, \u010di u\u017e v prospech alebo v opoz\u00edcii vo\u010di  zavedenej autorite, s \u00famyslom odovzda\u0165 politick\u00e9 posolstvo skupine v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ej ako je skupina obet\u00ed  vyvolan\u00edm strachu a t\u00fdm zmenou spr\u00e1vania v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ej skupiny. Bu\u010f obe\u0165, alebo p\u00e1chate\u013e, alebo obaja,  bud\u00fa kona\u0165 mimo vojensk\u00e9ho kontextu; obaja nikdy nebud\u00fa kona\u0165 vo vojenskom kontexte:\u201c <\/em>\u0160t\u00e1tny  terorizmus odli\u0161uje od ne\u0161t\u00e1tneho terorizmu t\u00fdm, \u017ee tak\u00e9to \u010diny p\u00e1chaj\u00fa \u0161t\u00e1tne org\u00e1ny alebo s\u00fa s nimi  priamo spojen\u00e9 (Claridge 1996). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Claridge (1996) identifikuje sedem definuj\u00facich krit\u00e9ri\u00ed \u0161t\u00e1tneho terorizmu: systematick\u00e9 konanie;  skuto\u010dn\u00e9 alebo potenci\u00e1lne n\u00e1silie; politick\u00fd \u00fa\u010del; sp\u00e1chanie \u010dinu \u0161t\u00e1tnymi \u00faradn\u00edkmi alebo agentmi s  vyu\u017eit\u00edm \u0161t\u00e1tnych zdrojov; \u00famysel vyvola\u0165 strach; \u00famysel odovzda\u0165 posolstvo nad r\u00e1mec  bezprostredn\u00fdch obet\u00ed; a zameranie sa na neozbrojen\u00e9 obete. Pomocou met\u00f3dy zhody pr\u00e1ca hodnot\u00ed, \u010di  rusk\u00e1 n\u00e1siln\u00e1 deport\u00e1cia ukrajinsk\u00fdch det\u00ed sp\u013a\u0148a tieto krit\u00e9ri\u00e1, a to sk\u00faman\u00edm d\u00f4kazov o koordinovanom  \u0161t\u00e1tnom pl\u00e1novan\u00ed a opakovan\u00ed, donucovac\u00edch a n\u00e1siln\u00fdch praktik\u00e1ch, politick\u00fdch cie\u013eoch, priamom  zapojen\u00ed \u0161t\u00e1tnych in\u0161tit\u00faci\u00ed a \u00faradn\u00edkov, spolo\u010densk\u00fdch \u00fa\u010dinkoch vyvol\u00e1vaj\u00facich strach,  komunika\u010dnom vplyve na \u0161ir\u0161iu popul\u00e1ciu a zameran\u00ed sa na bezbrann\u00e9 civiln\u00e9 deti. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Empirick\u00e1 \u010das\u0165  <\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Od za\u010diatku vojny Rusko systematicky deportuje, prevychov\u00e1va a n\u00e1silne adoptuje ukrajinsk\u00e9 deti ako  s\u00fa\u010das\u0165 \u0161t\u00e1tnej politiky (Raymond a kol. 2024). V roku 2023 vydal Medzin\u00e1rodn\u00fd trestn\u00fd s\u00fad zatyka\u010de  na V. Putina a M. Lvovu-Belovu za vojnov\u00e9 zlo\u010diny nez\u00e1konnej deport\u00e1cie a presunu ukrajinsk\u00fdch det\u00ed  z okupovan\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00ed prinajmen\u0161om od 24. febru\u00e1ra 2022 (Jackson 2023). Tieto praktiky siahaj\u00fa a\u017e do  ruskej okup\u00e1cie Krymu a Donbasu v roku 2014 (Ayd\u0131ng\u00fcn, Morkva, Ayd\u0131ng\u00fcn 2025). Parlamentn\u00e9  zhroma\u017edenie Rady Eur\u00f3py (2023) zdokumentovalo systematick\u00fa \u201erusifik\u00e1ciu\u201c prostredn\u00edctvom  prev\u00fdchovy, propagandy a obmedzovania ukrajinsk\u00e9ho jazyka a identity. Skupina americk\u00fdch  sen\u00e1torov vyzvala na to, aby bolo Rusko ozna\u010den\u00e9 za \u0161t\u00e1t sponzoruj\u00faci terorizmus kv\u00f4li \u00fanosom ukrajinsk\u00fdch det\u00ed, \u010do je postoj, ktor\u00fd politicky podporuje aj Eur\u00f3psky parlament napriek tomu, \u017ee nem\u00e1  form\u00e1lnu pr\u00e1vomoc tak\u00e9to ozna\u010denie vyda\u0165 (Eur\u00f3psky parlament 2022, Kight 2025). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deti boli unesen\u00e9 z detsk\u00fdch domovov, z bojiska po smrti svojich rodi\u010dov alebo pod n\u00e1tlakom priamo  zo svojich rod\u00edn. Rusko po\u017eiadavky na vr\u00e1tenie ukrajinsk\u00fdch det\u00ed odmietlo (Kumar 2025). Presn\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo n\u00e1silne deportovan\u00fdch \u013eud\u00ed nie je potvrden\u00e9. Ukrajina potvrdila 19 546 pr\u00edpadov (Ministry of  Reintegration 2022), zatia\u013e \u010do Yale Humanitarian Research Lab (HRL) odhaduje 35 000 pr\u00edpadov. Yale  HRL (2025) identifikoval 314 det\u00ed z Ukrajiny, ktor\u00e9 boli zaraden\u00e9 do rusk\u00e9ho systematick\u00e9ho programu  n\u00fatenej adopcie a osvojenia, z ktor\u00fdch bolo minim\u00e1lne 67 neutralizovan\u00fdch ako rusk\u00fdch ob\u010danov. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00e1silne deportovan\u00e9 deti s\u00fa v datab\u00e1zach prezentovan\u00e9 ako rusk\u00ed ob\u010dania a o ich ukrajinskom p\u00f4vode  sa nikde nep\u00ed\u0161e. Tak isto evidoval 210 zariaden\u00ed, kde boli deti deportovan\u00e9, z ktor\u00fdch je minim\u00e1lne  polovica riaden\u00e1 ruskou vl\u00e1dou. Rusko prev\u00e1dzkuje potenci\u00e1lne bezprecedentn\u00fd syst\u00e9m rozsiahlej  prev\u00fdchovy, vojensk\u00e9ho v\u00fdcviku a ubytovac\u00edch zariaden\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa schopn\u00e9 po dlh\u00fa dobu ubytova\u0165  desa\u0165tis\u00edce det\u00ed z Ukrajiny. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pou\u017eitie rusk\u00fdch vzdu\u0161n\u00fdch s\u00edl a lietadiel pod prezidentskou autoritou demon\u0161truje priame zapojenie  \u0161t\u00e1tu do logistiky deport\u00e1ci\u00ed det\u00ed. Maria Lvova-Belova u\u013eah\u010dovala prevozy a v niektor\u00fdch pr\u00edpadoch  deti na letoch osobne sprev\u00e1dzala (Raymond a kol. 2024). Adop\u010dn\u00e9 webov\u00e9 str\u00e1nky prev\u00e1dzkovan\u00e9  tzv. L\u013dR verejne uv\u00e1dzali unesen\u00e9 ukrajinsk\u00e9 deti na umiestnenie do rusk\u00fdch rod\u00edn (Raymond a  Howarth 2025). S\u00fabe\u017ene Rusko v roku 2022 prijalo nov\u00fa legislat\u00edvu na u\u013eah\u010denie integr\u00e1cie,  prev\u00fdchovy a asimil\u00e1cie ukrajinsk\u00fdch det\u00ed z tzv. L\u013dR a D\u013dR (Umland 2024). Prezidentsk\u00fd dekr\u00e9t z  roku 2024 \u010falej umo\u017enil v\u0161etk\u00fdm de\u0165om z Ukrajiny z\u00edska\u0165 rusk\u00e9 ob\u010dianstvo v r\u00e1mci zjednodu\u0161en\u00e9ho  postupu, \u010d\u00edm sa roz\u0161\u00edrili predch\u00e1dzaj\u00face pravidl\u00e1 platn\u00e9 pre deti z D\u013dR a L\u013dR (Raymond a kol. 2024).  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Spolo\u010densk\u00fd dopad \u00fanosov <\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Martha Crenshaw (1999) tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee politick\u00e1 \u00fa\u010dinnos\u0165 terorizmu je do ve\u013ekej miery determinovan\u00e1  psychologick\u00fdmi \u00fa\u010dinkami n\u00e1silia na publikum. Strach a p\u00f4sobenie na spolo\u010dnos\u0165 je jedn\u00fdm  z hlavn\u00fdch atrib\u00fatov terorizmu. Pre potvrdenie na\u0161ej hypot\u00e9zy ozna\u010duj\u00facej Rusko za teroristick\u00fd \u0161t\u00e1t  mus\u00ed by\u0165 splnen\u00fd predpoklad psychologick\u00e9ho p\u00f4sobenia a strachu v spolo\u010dnosti. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zdroje, ktor\u00e9 by systematicky popisovali spolo\u010densk\u00fd dopad n\u00e1siln\u00fdch deport\u00e1ci\u00ed, s\u00fa vzh\u013eadom na  prebiehaj\u00faci konflikt obmedzen\u00e9. Dostupn\u00e9 \u0161t\u00fadie a rozhovory v\u0161ak dokumentuj\u00fa prevent\u00edvne  spr\u00e1vanie, spolupr\u00e1cu pod hrozbou a dlhodob\u00fa neistotu medzi ukrajinsk\u00fdmi ob\u010danmi, \u010do indikuje  pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 strachu v spolo\u010dnosti. Po za\u010diatku ruskej inv\u00e1zie vznikli v Chersone, okupovanom dev\u00e4\u0165  mesiacov, neform\u00e1lne siete \u00fakrytov pre deti; v miestnej nemocnici boli u 11 opusten\u00fdch det\u00ed sfal\u0161ovan\u00e9  diagn\u00f3zy, aby sa zabr\u00e1nilo ich presunu do detsk\u00e9ho domova a n\u00e1slednej deport\u00e1cii (Aubenas 2023).  Pod\u013ea kore\u0161pondentky ukrajinsk\u00e9ho r\u00e1dia Hromadske rodi\u010dia skr\u00fdvali deti v pivniciach, aby ich  ochr\u00e1nili pred n\u00e1siln\u00fdm odsunom (Zin\u010denko 2023). V okupovan\u00fdch oblastiach rusk\u00e9 org\u00e1ny n\u00fatia  rodi\u010dov prij\u00edma\u0165 rusk\u00e9 pasy pod hrozbou straty opatrovn\u00edctva a deport\u00e1cie det\u00ed (Mykhailenko 2025).  Zjednodu\u0161en\u00e1 zmena ob\u010dianstva z\u00e1rove\u0148 v\u00fdrazne s\u0165a\u017euje identifik\u00e1ciu a lokaliz\u00e1ciu deportovan\u00fdch  det\u00ed, \u010do udr\u017eiava rodi\u010dov aj \u0161t\u00e1tne in\u0161tit\u00facie v stave trvalej neistoty. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Predpoklad, \u017ee \u00fanosy det\u00ed Ruskom vyvol\u00e1vaj\u00fa v ukrajinskej spolo\u010dnosti strach, mo\u017eno podpori\u0165  komparat\u00edvnou logikou. Od roku 2014 teroristick\u00e1 skupina Boko Haram uniesla pribli\u017ene 1 700 det\u00ed a  vykonala 17 masov\u00fdch \u00fanosov zo \u0161k\u00f4l (Amnesty International 2024). Hoci je Boko Haram ne\u0161t\u00e1tnym  akt\u00e9rom, jeho strat\u00e9gia demon\u0161truje, ako n\u00e1silie p\u00e1chan\u00e9 na de\u0165och funguje ako siln\u00fd mechanizmus  vyvol\u00e1vaj\u00faci strach. V\u00fdskum ukazuje, \u017ee za\u010dlenenie det\u00ed a \u017eien v\u00fdrazne zintenz\u00edv\u0148uje psychologick\u00fd  tlak na spolo\u010dnos\u0165 (Amusan, Ejoke 2017). Masov\u00e9 \u00fanosy v \u0161kol\u00e1ch viedli k rozsiahlemu strachu, traume  a \u00fazkosti medzi \u0161tudentmi a u\u010dite\u013emi vr\u00e1tane no\u010dn\u00fdch m\u00f4r a dlhodob\u00e9ho psychick\u00e9ho utrpenia (Ribah, Targba 2023). Dlhodob\u00e1 kampa\u0148 \u00fanosov a n\u00e1silia zo strany Boko Haram vyvolala v celej spolo\u010dnosti  v\u0161eobecn\u00fd pocit neistoty, frustr\u00e1cie a strachu (Amusan, Ejoke 2017). Vzh\u013eadom na zdokumentovan\u00e9 spolo\u010densk\u00e9 d\u00f4sledky tak\u00fdchto prakt\u00edk je mo\u017en\u00e9 predpoklada\u0165, \u017ee podobn\u00e9 vzorce strachu a neistoty sa  objavuj\u00fa aj v ukrajinskej spolo\u010dnosti v reakcii na systematick\u00e9 \u00fanosy det\u00ed Ruskom. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Met\u00f3da zhody <\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

1. Je systematick\u00fd <\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u010c\u00edsla n\u00e1silne deportovan\u00fdch det\u00ed ukazuj\u00fa ve\u013ekos\u0165 rozsahu deport\u00e1ci\u00ed, je to ale konzistentnos\u0165 met\u00f3d a  opakovanie postupov, ktor\u00e9 poukazuj\u00fa sk\u00f4r na systematiz\u00e1ciu ako na izolovan\u00e9 excesy. Dostupn\u00e9  svedectv\u00e1 vr\u00e1ten\u00fdch det\u00ed indikuj\u00fa opakuj\u00faci sa vzorec n\u00e1siln\u00fdch deport\u00e1ci\u00ed a potvrdzuj\u00fa predpoklad  opakovanej a pl\u00e1novanej \u010dinnosti. Darie Borysenko \u017eila v meste, ktor\u00e9 bolo pod ruskou okup\u00e1ciou, ke\u010f  jej rodi\u010dom pon\u00fakli \u201et\u00e1bor\u201c v Rusku. Po\u010das jej pobytu v Rusku bolo jej mesto osloboden\u00e9, ale rodi\u010dia  ju nedok\u00e1zali z\u00edska\u0165 sp\u00e4\u0165. Yevhenovi rodi\u010dia nemali in\u00fa mo\u017enos\u0165, ako posla\u0165 svojich synov \u010do naj\u010falej  od ostre\u013eovania. Pobyt v t\u00e1bore sa neust\u00e1le predl\u017eoval a rodi\u010dia pochopili, \u017ee ich deti boli ukradnut\u00e9. (M\u00fazeum civiln\u00fdch hlasov 2024). V lete 2022 bola Ksenia Koldin a jej brat deportovan\u00ed do Ruska, kde  boli dr\u017ean\u00ed 9 mesiacov (Haney 2024).  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Svedectv\u00e1 a d\u00f4kazy predlo\u017een\u00e9 v empirickej \u010dasti preukazuj\u00fa, \u017ee deport\u00e1cie nie s\u00fa ad hoc reakciami na  podmienky na bojisku, ale predstavuj\u00fa organizovan\u00fa a rutinn\u00fa prax zakotven\u00fa v \u0161t\u00e1tnych \u0161trukt\u00farach.  Pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 centralizovanej logistiky, legislat\u00edvnej adapt\u00e1cie a priameho zapojenia vysok\u00fdch  politick\u00fdch predstavite\u013eov nazna\u010duje sk\u00f4r \u00famyseln\u00e9 pl\u00e1novanie a hierarchick\u00fa koordin\u00e1ciu ne\u017e  izolovan\u00e9 pochybenie. Opakovan\u00e9 svedectv\u00e1 \u010falej odha\u013euj\u00fa \u0161tandardizovan\u00e9 met\u00f3dy pres\u00favania,  dlhodob\u00e9ho zadr\u017eiavania a in\u0161titucion\u00e1lneho spracovania, \u010do poukazuje na procedur\u00e1lnu pravidelnos\u0165  v priebehu \u010dasu. V Claridgeovom r\u00e1mci (1996) je tak\u00e9to opakovanie, byrokratick\u00e9 zakotvenie a  autoriz\u00e1cia na \u00farovni politiky ur\u010duj\u00facimi ukazovate\u013emi systematick\u00e9ho n\u00e1silia, ktor\u00e9 odli\u0161uj\u00fa \u0161t\u00e1tny  terorizmus od sporadick\u00fdch alebo oportunistick\u00fdch vojnov\u00fdch zlo\u010dinov. Konvergencia t\u00fdchto prvkov  podporuje z\u00e1ver, \u017ee deport\u00e1cie funguj\u00fa ako trval\u00fd n\u00e1stroj \u0161t\u00e1tnej politiky. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Je skuto\u010dne, alebo potencion\u00e1lne n\u00e1siln\u00fd <\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

N\u00e1silie zohr\u00e1va \u00fastredn\u00fa \u00falohu v rusk\u00fdch \u00fanosoch. Deti s\u00fa \u010dasto un\u00e1\u0161an\u00e9 pod hrozbou fyzick\u00e9ho n\u00e1silia  alebo skuto\u010dn\u00fdm pou\u017eit\u00edm n\u00e1silia. Tieto n\u00e1siln\u00e9 \u010diny sa \u010dasto vykon\u00e1vaj\u00fa v pr\u00edtomnosti svedkov, aby  sa \u0161\u00edrila atmosf\u00e9ra strachu a zastra\u0161ovania. Osobitn\u00fa pozornos\u0165 si tu zasluhuje \u00faloha ozbrojen\u00fdch  skup\u00edn, ktor\u00e9 nielen vykon\u00e1vaj\u00fa \u00fanosy, ale aj organizuj\u00fa logistiku a prepravu unesen\u00fdch det\u00ed (ComeHome Assiciation 2024). Ukrajinsk\u00e9 deti v rusk\u00fdch t\u00e1boroch na Kryme boli umiestnen\u00e9 do  izol\u00e1cie ako trest za \u010diny, ako je po\u010d\u00favanie ukrajinskej hymny alebo odstra\u0148ovanie rusk\u00fdch vlajok.  Indoktrin\u00e1cia a militariz\u00e1cia det\u00ed m\u00f4\u017ee predstavova\u0165 psychick\u00e9 mu\u010denie vzh\u013eadom na jej v\u00fdslovn\u00fd cie\u013e  transformova\u0165 n\u00e1rodn\u00fa identitu det\u00ed z ukrajinskej na rusk\u00fa (Global Rights Compliance 2025). V\u00fdskum  organiz\u00e1cie Save Ukraine uviedol, \u017ee pribli\u017ene 55 % op\u00fdtan\u00fdch det\u00ed uviedlo, \u017ee za\u017eilo indoktrin\u00e1ciu,  10 % uviedlo, \u017ee bolo vystaven\u00fdch mu\u010deniu alebo in\u00e9mu krut\u00e9mu zaobch\u00e1dzaniu, a 6 % uviedlo  sexu\u00e1lne n\u00e1silie (Save Ukraine). Spr\u00e1va Yale HLR (2025) dokumentuje pr\u00edpady psychick\u00e9ho a  fyzick\u00e9ho zneu\u017e\u00edvania, ktor\u00fdm boli vystaven\u00e9 n\u00e1silne pres\u00eddlen\u00e9 deti. Mnoh\u00e9 z nich boli odvezen\u00e9 v  noci, \u010do v nich vyvolalo pocit \u00fanosu. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Claridge (1996) v jeho defin\u00edci\u00ed terorizmu zah\u0155\u0148a systematick\u00fa hrozbu, alebo u\u017eitie n\u00e1silia. Vy\u0161\u0161ie  uveden\u00e9 d\u00f4kazy explicitne popisuj\u00fa n\u00e1silie vykon\u00e1van\u00e9 Ruskou feder\u00e1ciou a potvrdzuj\u00fa druh\u00fa  dimenziu Claridgeho modelu (1996). N\u00e1silie sa pou\u017e\u00edva z\u00e1merne ako n\u00e1stroj na dosiahnutie cie\u013ea, nie ako n\u00e1hodn\u00fd alebo nevyhnutn\u00fd ved\u013eaj\u0161\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinok. N\u00e1silie je pl\u00e1novan\u00e9, \u00fa\u010delov\u00e9 a sl\u00fa\u017ei strategick\u00e9mu  cie\u013eu. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. Je politick\u00fd <\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Po deport\u00e1cii s\u00fa deti vystaven\u00e9 propagande zameranej na lojalitu k Rusku, re-eduk\u00e1cii a vojensk\u00e9mu  v\u00fdcviku, ktor\u00fdch cie\u013eom je n\u00e1siln\u00e1 asimil\u00e1cia a de\u0161trukcia ukrajinskej n\u00e1rodnej identity v prospech  rusk\u00fdch geopolitick\u00fdch z\u00e1ujmov (Regional Center for Human Rights 2024). Deportovan\u00e9 deti s\u00fa  zap\u00e1jan\u00e9 do polovojensk\u00fdch organiz\u00e1ci\u00ed ako \u201eYunarmiya\u201c, \u201eMovement of the First\u201c a \u201eEagles of  Russia\u201c, kde prech\u00e1dzaj\u00fa ideologickou indoktrin\u00e1ciou a v\u00fdcvikom v stre\u013ebe, taktike a ovl\u00e1dan\u00ed dronov,  s cie\u013eom pripravi\u0165 ich na boj proti vlastnej krajine ako bud\u00facich pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edkov rusk\u00fdch ozbrojen\u00fdch s\u00edl  (Collaborative on Global Children’s Issues 2025). Rusk\u00e1 politika systematicky prep\u00e1ja deport\u00e1cie,  asimil\u00e1ciu a politick\u00fa indoktrin\u00e1ciu do dlhodobej strat\u00e9gie zameranej na oslabenie ukrajinskej \u0161t\u00e1tnosti  prostredn\u00edctvom vytv\u00e1rania loj\u00e1lnych ob\u010danov, bud\u00facich voli\u010dov a nosite\u013eov re\u017eimov\u00fdch hodn\u00f4t.  \u00dastredn\u00fdm prvkom tohto procesu je kon\u0161trukcia jednotn\u00e9ho obrazu nepriate\u013ea \u2013 Ukrajiny a  \u201enepriate\u013esk\u00e9ho Z\u00e1padu\u201c \u2013 pri\u010dom deti ako skupina najviac n\u00e1chyln\u00e1 na socializ\u00e1ciu zabezpe\u010duj\u00fa trval\u00fd  politick\u00fd efekt tohto postupu (Lysiansky, Denisova, Yastrebova 2025). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Drviv\u00e1 v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina defin\u00edci\u00ed terorizmu zah\u0155\u0148a politick\u00e9 ciele akt\u00e9rov (UNODC, Ministerstvo vnitra \u010cR  2021, FBI 2025) Vy\u0161\u0161ie op\u00edsan\u00e9 praktiky dokazuj\u00fa, \u017ee deport\u00e1cia ukrajinsk\u00fdch det\u00ed sa neobmedzuje len  na fyzick\u00e9 pres\u00eddlenie, ale je s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou \u0161ir\u0161ej politickej strat\u00e9gie. Prostredn\u00edctvom n\u00fatenej asimil\u00e1cie,  ideologickej indoktrin\u00e1cie a militariz\u00e1cie sa n\u00e1silie roz\u0161iruje do sf\u00e9ry politickej socializ\u00e1cie. Cie\u013eom  nie je len kontrola \u00fazemia, ale aj preformulovanie politickej identity bud\u00facej gener\u00e1cie prostredn\u00edctvom  oslabenia ukrajinsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1rodn\u00e9ho vedomia a jeho nahradenia lojalitou k rusk\u00e9mu \u0161t\u00e1tu. Zapojenie det\u00ed  do \u0161t\u00e1tom podporovan\u00fdch polovojensk\u00fdch organiz\u00e1ci\u00ed, vnucovanie jednotn\u00e9ho narat\u00edvu o nepriate\u013eovi  a normaliz\u00e1cia vojensk\u00fdch hodn\u00f4t nazna\u010duj\u00fa, \u017ee tieto praktiky s\u00fa orientovan\u00e9 na dlhodob\u00e9 geopolitick\u00e9  ciele. Zameriavaj\u00fac sa na deti ako na skupinu najviac n\u00e1chyln\u00fa na formovanie identity, t\u00e1to politika sa  sna\u017e\u00ed zabezpe\u010di\u0165 trval\u00e9 politick\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinky, ktor\u00e9 presahuj\u00fa r\u00e1mec s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00e9ho konfliktu. N\u00e1silie nie je  samo\u00fa\u010deln\u00e9, ale je prostriedkom na dosiahnutie strategick\u00fdch politick\u00fdch cie\u013eov prostredn\u00edctvom  n\u00fatenej transform\u00e1cie identity, lojality a bud\u00faceho politick\u00e9ho spr\u00e1vania. To zos\u00fala\u010fuje deport\u00e1ciu a  indoktrin\u00e1ciu det\u00ed so z\u00e1kladnou defin\u00edciou terorizmu ako politicky motivovan\u00e9ho n\u00e1silia. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. Je p\u00e1chan\u00fd \u0161t\u00e1tnymi \u010dinite\u013emi alebo z\u00e1stupcami, ktor\u00ed disponuj\u00fa \u0161t\u00e1tnymi zdrojmi <\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ako bolo preuk\u00e1zan\u00e9 v empirickej \u010dasti, deport\u00e1cia ukrajinsk\u00fdch det\u00ed je podporen\u00e1 \u0161peci\u00e1lnym  legislat\u00edvnym r\u00e1mcom a koordinovanou logistickou infra\u0161trukt\u00farou (Umland 2024, Raymond a kol.  2024). To potvrdzuje, \u017ee t\u00e1to prax nie je n\u00e1hodn\u00e1 ani decentralizovan\u00e1, ale je v\u00fdsledkom z\u00e1mernej  \u0161t\u00e1tnej politiky. Vladimir Putin od za\u010diatku inv\u00e1zie vykon\u00e1 priamu velite\u013esk\u00fa zodpovednos\u0165 za rusk\u00fd  program n\u00faten\u00e9ho osvojenia a pest\u00fanskej starostlivosti. Maria Lvova-Belova fungovala ako v\u00fdkonn\u00e1  realiz\u00e1torka programu a politicky aj logisticky vykon\u00e1vala Putinov strategick\u00fd z\u00e1mer. Putin osobne  odstr\u00e1nil pr\u00e1vne prek\u00e1\u017eky adopcie ukrajinsk\u00fdch det\u00ed v Rusku a dohliadal na \u0161t\u00e1tne in\u0161tit\u00facie, vr\u00e1tane  arm\u00e1dy, bezpe\u010dnostn\u00fdch slu\u017eieb a ministerstva \u0161kolstva, zodpovedn\u00e9 za deport\u00e1ciu det\u00ed.  Prostredn\u00edctvom prezidentsk\u00fdch dekr\u00e9tov a legislat\u00edvy presadenej v \u0160t\u00e1tnej dume, Putin zabezpe\u010dil  pr\u00e1vny a politick\u00fd r\u00e1mec potrebn\u00fd na fungovanie programu. Strana Jednotn\u00e9 Rusko sa podie\u013ea na  pres\u00edd\u013eovan\u00ed det\u00ed z okupovan\u00fdch oblast\u00ed Ukrajiny a spolupracuje s rusk\u00fdmi feder\u00e1lnymi a okupa\u010dn\u00fdmi  \u00faradn\u00edkmi. Pod veden\u00edm ministra Sergeja Kravcova rusk\u00e9 ministerstvo \u0161kolstva riadilo a u\u013eah\u010dovalo umiest\u0148ovanie ukrajinsk\u00fdch det\u00ed do n\u00e1hradn\u00fdch rod\u00edn, dohliadalo na ich prev\u00fdchovu a in\u0161titucion\u00e1lne  ubytovanie a spravovalo datab\u00e1zy umiest\u0148ovania det\u00ed a s\u00favisiace webov\u00e9 str\u00e1nky. Spolu s Vladim\u00edrom <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Putinom, Mariou Lvovou-Belovou a vysok\u00fdmi rusk\u00fdmi a okupa\u010dn\u00fdmi \u00faradn\u00edkmi boli kroky  ministerstva k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9 pre implement\u00e1ciu a systematiz\u00e1ciu \u0161t\u00e1tneho programu n\u00faten\u00fdch adopci\u00ed a  pest\u00fanskej starostlivosti prostredn\u00edctvom pr\u00e1vnych a administrat\u00edvnych opatren\u00ed. (Raymond a kol. 2024). Rusko vyu\u017eilo aj zdravotn\u00edckych pracovn\u00edkov na vykonanie a legitimiz\u00e1ciu  \u00fanosov det\u00ed z Ukrajiny. Psychol\u00f3govia vyd\u00e1vali potrebn\u00e9 dokumenty na presun det\u00ed do Ruska pod  z\u00e1mienkou lek\u00e1rskej rehabilit\u00e1cie a u\u013eah\u010dili neleg\u00e1lne umiest\u0148ovanie ukrajinsk\u00fdch det\u00ed do rusk\u00fdch  rod\u00edn (Farrenkopf a kol. 2025). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Konvergencia prezidentsk\u00fdch dekr\u00e9tov, legislat\u00edvnych opatren\u00ed, stran\u00edckej kontroly nad procesom  tvorby z\u00e1konov, medzirezortnej koordin\u00e1cie a mobiliz\u00e1cie civiln\u00fdch sektorov, ako je \u0161kolstvo a  zdravotn\u00edctvo, nazna\u010duje vysok\u00fd stupe\u0148 centraliz\u00e1cie a vertik\u00e1lnej integr\u00e1cie. Zapojenie akt\u00e9rov naprie\u010d  politickou, administrat\u00edvnou, bezpe\u010dnostnou, vzdel\u00e1vacou a lek\u00e1rskou oblas\u0165ou ukazuje, \u017ee t\u00e1to prax  bola rutinizovan\u00e1 prostredn\u00edctvom be\u017en\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1tnych in\u0161tit\u00faci\u00ed a normalizovan\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci byrokratick\u00fdch  postupov. Pod\u013ea Claridgeovho r\u00e1mca (1996) je zapojenie \u0161t\u00e1tu hlavn\u00fdm defini\u010dn\u00fdm bodom \u0161t\u00e1tneho  terorizmu. Existencia priamej velite\u013eskej zodpovednosti na najvy\u0161\u0161ej \u00farovni \u0161t\u00e1tu potvrdzuje, \u017ee  deport\u00e1cie funguj\u00fa ako \u00famyseln\u00e1 a koordinovan\u00e1 \u0161t\u00e1tna politika v s\u00falade krit\u00e9riom \u0161t\u00e1tneho terorizmu. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

5. M\u00e1 za cie\u013e vyvola\u0165 strach <\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

V r\u00e1mci Claridgeovho r\u00e1mca (1996) mo\u017eno \u00famysel vyvola\u0165 strach odvodi\u0165 z v\u00fdberu cie\u013eov a met\u00f3d,  ak s\u00fa tieto svojou povahou cielen\u00e9 na vyvolanie psychick\u00e9ho teroru nad r\u00e1mec bezprostredn\u00e9ho  fyzick\u00e9ho ubl\u00ed\u017eenia. Tak\u00fdto \u00famysel mo\u017eno ho stanovi\u0165, ak je strach predv\u00eddate\u013en\u00fdm a funk\u010dn\u00fdm  d\u00f4sledkom pou\u017eit\u00e9ho n\u00e1silia. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00danos det\u00ed predstavuje formu n\u00e1silia, ktor\u00e1 \u0161truktur\u00e1lne vyvol\u00e1va strach. Deti predstavuj\u00fa jedine\u010dn\u00fa  zranite\u013en\u00fa skupinu civilistov a ubl\u00ed\u017eenie namieren\u00e9 proti nim predv\u00eddate\u013ene vyvol\u00e1va ak\u00fatnu \u00fazkos\u0165,  bezmocnos\u0165 a anticipa\u010dn\u00fd strach medzi rodinami a komunitami (Auschwitz Institute for the Prevention  of Genocide and Mass Atrocities 2023). Ako bolo uveden\u00e9 vy\u0161\u0161ie, pou\u017eitie sily, podvodu a neistoty, v  kombin\u00e1cii s utajovan\u00edm miesta pobytu det\u00ed, tento \u00fa\u010dinok e\u0161te zintenz\u00edv\u0148uje. Systematick\u00fd charakter  t\u00fdchto prakt\u00edk nazna\u010duje, \u017ee strach nie je n\u00e1hodn\u00fdm ved\u013eaj\u0161\u00edm produktom vojensk\u00fdch oper\u00e1ci\u00ed, ale  z\u00e1mernou s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou donucovacej strat\u00e9gie. Opakovanie \u00fanosov, ich vidite\u013enos\u0165 a dlhotrvaj\u00faca neistota  oh\u013eadom osudu unesen\u00fdch det\u00ed poukazuj\u00fa na \u00famyseln\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edvanie strachu ako prostriedku soci\u00e1lnej  kontroly. Pod\u013ea Claridgeovej konceptu (1996) s\u00fa tieto charakteristiky v s\u00falade so z\u00e1merom vyvola\u0165  strach, \u010d\u00edm sp\u013a\u0148aj\u00fa jedno zo z\u00e1kladn\u00fdch krit\u00e9ri\u00ed spojen\u00fdch s teroristick\u00fdm n\u00e1sil\u00edm zo strany \u0161t\u00e1tnych  akt\u00e9rov. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

6. M\u00e1 za cie\u013e odovzda\u0165 posolstvo \u0161ir\u0161ej skupine ako bezprostrednej obeti (obetiam) <\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

V Claridgeovej koncepcii \u0161t\u00e1tneho terorizmu (1996) n\u00e1silie funguje nielen ako prostriedok na ubl\u00ed\u017eenie  priamym obetiam, ale aj ako komunika\u010dn\u00fd akt zameran\u00fd na \u0161ir\u0161ie publikum.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Empirick\u00e9 d\u00f4kazy uveden\u00e9 vy\u0161\u0161ie demon\u0161truj\u00fa \u00fa\u010dinky, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa v s\u00falade s touto logikou. \u00danosy a  deport\u00e1cie det\u00ed ved\u00fa k prevent\u00edvnemu spr\u00e1vaniu (skr\u00fdvanie det\u00ed, fal\u0161ovanie zdravotn\u00fdch z\u00e1znamov),  vyn\u00faten\u00e9mu s\u00fahlasu (prijatie rusk\u00fdch pasov) a pretrv\u00e1vaj\u00facej neistote oh\u013eadom osudu unesen\u00fdch  malolet\u00fdch. Tieto reakcie presahuj\u00fa r\u00e1mec bezprostredn\u00fdch obet\u00ed a ovplyv\u0148uj\u00fa rodi\u010dov, opatrovate\u013eov,  zdravotn\u00fd person\u00e1l a cel\u00e9 miestne komunity. V tomto zmysle funguj\u00fa \u00fanosy det\u00ed ako odkaz \u0161ir\u0161ej  civilnej popul\u00e1cii na okupovan\u00fdch \u00fazemiach: odpor so sebou nesie riziko straty det\u00ed, zatia\u013e \u010do  poslu\u0161nos\u0165 m\u00f4\u017ee zmierni\u0165 bezprostredn\u00fa ujmu. T\u00e1to prax tak komunikuje v\u0161eobecn\u00fa hrozbu, ktor\u00e1 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

men\u00ed soci\u00e1lne spr\u00e1vanie bez toho, aby vy\u017eadovala neust\u00e1le priame n\u00e1silie vo\u010di v\u0161etk\u00fdm \u010dlenom  popul\u00e1cie. Spolo\u010densk\u00e9 reakcie pozorovan\u00e9 na Ukrajine \u00fazko zodpovedaj\u00fa o\u010dak\u00e1van\u00fdm v\u00fdsledkom  teroristick\u00e9ho n\u00e1silia, a to \u0161\u00edreniu strachu a anticipa\u010dnej poslu\u0161nosti. To podporuje klasifik\u00e1ciu \u00fanosov  ako n\u00e1stroja \u0161t\u00e1tneho terorizmu, a nie iba ako s\u00faboru izolovan\u00fdch vojnov\u00fdch zlo\u010dinov. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

7. Obe\u0165 (obete) nebude v \u010dase incidentu ozbrojen\u00e1 a pripraven\u00e1 na \u00fatok  <\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Obete rusk\u00fdch \u00fanosov s\u00fa neozbrojen\u00ed civilisti – deti, ktor\u00e9 sa nez\u00fa\u010dast\u0148uj\u00fa na bojov\u00fdch oper\u00e1ci\u00e1ch a s\u00fa  chr\u00e1nen\u00fdmi osobami pod\u013ea medzin\u00e1rodn\u00e9ho humanit\u00e1rneho pr\u00e1va (United Nations 1989). Deti s\u00fa un\u00e1\u0161an\u00e9 zo \u0161k\u00f4l, domovov alebo z ul\u00edc. S\u00fa n\u00faten\u00e9 nast\u00fapi\u0165 do vozidiel, ktor\u00e9 ich odvez\u00fa na  nezn\u00e1me miesta. N\u00faten\u00e9 deport\u00e1cie \u010dasto vykon\u00e1vaj\u00fa ozbrojen\u00e9 skupiny, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa bu\u010f priamo  podporovan\u00e9 \u0161t\u00e1tnymi akt\u00e9rmi, alebo s nimi \u00fazko spolupracuj\u00fa. \u010eal\u0161ou be\u017enou met\u00f3dou je podvod. Ide  o l\u00e1kanie det\u00ed a ich rod\u00edn falo\u0161n\u00fdmi s\u013eubmi, ako je perspekt\u00edva lep\u0161\u00edch \u017eivotn\u00fdch podmienok alebo  vzdel\u00e1vac\u00edch pr\u00edle\u017eitost\u00ed. V niektor\u00fdch pr\u00edpadoch sa na zakrytie \u00fanosu a s\u0165a\u017eenie st\u00edhania ukrajinsk\u00fdmi  org\u00e1nmi pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa aj falo\u0161n\u00e9 dokumenty a identity (ComeHome Assiciation 2024). D\u00f4kazy potvrdzuj\u00fa  posledn\u00fa dimenziu Claridgeho modelu (1996).  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Z\u00e1ver <\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

D\u00f4kazy a zistenia, ktor\u00e9 boli aplikovan\u00e9 do Claridgeho modelu (1996) sa vz\u00e1jomne posil\u0148uj\u00fa a vytv\u00e1raj\u00fa kumulat\u00edvny efekt. Systematickos\u0165 n\u00e1siln\u00fdch deport\u00e1ci\u00ed je prepojen\u00e1 so \u0161t\u00e1tnymi zdrojmi  a riaden\u00edm, n\u00e1silie a hrozba n\u00e1silia p\u00f4sobia na strach v spolo\u010dnosti a politick\u00fd cie\u013e vysiela ukrajinskej spolo\u010dnosti jasn\u00e9 posolstvo. N\u00e1siln\u00e1 deport\u00e1cia nesl\u00fa\u017ei len na pres\u00eddlenie, ale cieli na vymazanie  ukrajinskej identity a cielenie na deti vyvol\u00e1va neistotu a strach v spolo\u010dnosti. Na z\u00e1klade kumulat\u00edvnej  anal\u00fdzy d\u00f4kazov rusk\u00e1 n\u00e1siln\u00e1 deport\u00e1cia ukrajinsk\u00fdch det\u00ed nap\u013a\u0148a krit\u00e9ria Claridgeho modelu (1996)  a preto je mo\u017en\u00e9 analyzovan\u00fd pr\u00edpad klasifikova\u0165 ako \u0161t\u00e1tny terorizmus. Klasifik\u00e1cia nevylu\u010duje  ozna\u010denie \u010dinov za vojnov\u00e9 zlo\u010diny, \u010di genoc\u00eddu, ale prid\u00e1va \u010dinom nov\u00fd rozmer a mo\u017enos\u0165 nov\u00fdch  sankci\u00ed vo\u010di Ruskej feder\u00e1ci\u00ed. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zdroje  <\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Auschwitz Institute for the Prevention of Genocide and Mass Atrocities. 2023. \u201cAIPR  Observes the International Day of the Victims of Enforced Disappearances | the  Auschwitz Institute.\u201d Auschwitzinstitute.org. 2023.  https:\/\/www.auschwitzinstitute.org\/news\/aipr-observes-the-international-day-of-the victims-of-enforced-disappearances<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Amnesty International. 2024. \u201cNigeria: Decade after Boko Haram Attack on Chibok, 82 Girls  Still in Captivity.\u201d Amnesty International. April 14, 2024.  https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2024\/04\/nigeria-decade-after-boko-haram attack-on-chibok-82-girls-still-in-captivity\/<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Amusan, Lere, and Ufuoma Patience Ejoke. 2017. \u201cThe Psychological Trauma Inflicted by  Boko Haram Insurgency in the North Eastern Nigeria.\u201d Aggression and Violent  Behavior <\/em>36 (September): 52\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.avb.2017.07.001<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aubenas, Florence. 2023. \u201cWar in Ukraine: Kherson, the City of Hidden Children.\u201d Le  Monde.fr. Le Monde. May 15, 2023.  https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/en\/international\/article\/2023\/05\/15\/war-in-ukraine-kherson the-city-of-hidden-children_6026686_4.html<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayd\u0131ng\u00fcn, Ay\u015feg\u00fcl, Valeriy Morkva, and \u0130smail Ayd\u0131ng\u00fcn. 2025. \u201cBeyond Genocide,  Ethnocide and Identicide: Russia\u2019s \u2018Strategic Imperial Demographic Policy\u2019 of  Russifying Ukrainian Children.\u201d Nations and Nationalism<\/em>, August.  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nana.70011.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Claridge, David. 1996. \u201cState Terrorism? Applying a Definitional Model.\u201d Terrorism and  Political Violence <\/em>8 (3): 47\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09546559608427363<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Collaborative on Global Children’s Issues. 2025. \u201cRussia Is Turning Abducted Ukrainian  Children into Soldiers.\u201d Georgetown.edu. 2025.  https:\/\/globalchildren.georgetown.edu\/posts\/russia-is-turning-abducted-ukrainian children-into-soldiers<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

ComeHome Assiciation. 2024. \u201cThe Abduction of Ukrainian Children to Russia: An In Depth Analysis.\u201d ComeHome Network. July 14, 2024.  https:\/\/comehome.network\/en\/the-abduction-of-ukrainian-children-to-russia-an-in depth-analysis\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Council of Europe . 2023. \u201cThe Forcible Transfer and \u2018Russification\u2019 of Ukrainian Children  Shows Evidence of Genocide, Says PACE – Portal – Www.coe.int.\u201d Portal. 2023.  https:\/\/www.coe.int\/en\/web\/portal\/-\/the-forcible-transfer-and-russification-of ukrainian-children-shows-evidence-of-genocide-says-pace<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Crenshaw, Martha. 1999. The Psychology of Political Terrorism<\/em>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dickinson, Peter. 2024. \u201cUS House Resolution: Russian Abduction of Ukrainian Children Is  Genocide.\u201d Atlantic Council. April 18, 2024.  https:\/\/www.atlanticcouncil.org\/blogs\/ukrainealert\/us-house-resolution-russian abduction-of-ukrainian-children-is-genocide\/<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

EPIC. 2025. \u201cWhat Happens to a Kid Abducted by Russia? Survivors and Detention Camp  Maps Reveal a System of Indoctrination – Friends of Europe.\u201d Friends of Europe. July  11, 2025. https:\/\/www.friendsofeurope.org\/insights\/what-happens-to-a-kid-abducted by-russia-survivors-and-detention-camp-maps-reveal-a-system-of-indoctrination\/<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Parliament. 2022. \u201cEuropean Parliament Declares Russia to Be a State Sponsor of  Terrorism | News | European Parliament.\u201d Europa.eu. 2022.  https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/news\/en\/press-room\/20221118IPR55707\/european parliament-declares-russia-to-be-a-state-sponsor-of-terrorism<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

European Parliament. 2025. \u201cRussia\u2019s War on Ukraine: Forcibly Displaced Ukrainian  Children | Think Tank | European Parliament.\u201d Www.europarl.europa.eu. 2025.  https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/thinktank\/en\/document\/EPRS_BRI(2023)747093. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Farrenkopf, Paige, Uliana Poltavets, Caitlin Howarth, Nathaniel A Raymond, and Danielle N  Poole. 2025. \u201cRussia\u2019s Health Workers Complicit in Abducting Ukraine\u2019s  Children.\u201d The Lancet<\/em>, December. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(25)02388-8<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

FBI. 2025. \u201cTerrorism.\u201d Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2025.  https:\/\/www.fbi.gov\/investigate\/terrorism.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fedosiuk, Tetiana. 2023. \u201cThe Stolen Children How Russia Attempts to Kidnap Ukraine\u2019s  Future.\u201d https:\/\/icds.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/dlm_uploads\/2023\/02\/ICDS_Analysis_The_Stolen_Children_Tetiana _Fedosiuk_February_2023.pdf<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Global Rights Compliance. 2025. \u201cRewriting Childhood: The Russification of Ukrainian  Children.\u201d Globalrightscompliance.org. 2025.  https:\/\/globalrightscompliance.org\/rewriting-childhood-the-russification-of-ukrainian children\/<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Haney, Taylor. 2024. \u201cTaken by Russia, Then Rescued, Young Ukrainians Speak Out.\u201d NPR.  February 8, 2024. https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2024\/02\/08\/1228453066\/taken-by-russia-then rescued-young-ukrainians-speak-out<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

International Criminal Court. 2023. \u201cSituation in Ukraine: ICC Judges Issue Arrest Warrants  against Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin and Maria Alekseyevna Lvova-Belova.\u201d  International Criminal Court. March 17, 2023. https:\/\/www.icc-cpi.int\/news\/situation ukraine-icc-judges-issue-arrest-warrants-against-vladimir-vladimirovich-putin-and<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jackson, Miles. 2023. \u201cThe ICC Arrest Warrants against Vladimir Putin and Maria Lvova Belova \u2013 an Outline of Issues.\u201d EJIL: Talk! March 21, 2023. https:\/\/www.ejiltalk.org\/the-icc-arrest-warrants-against-vladimir-putin-and-maria lvova-belova-an-outline-of-issues\/<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kight, Stef W. 2025. \u201cSenate Mounts New Russia Pressure Campaign.\u201d Axios. September  11, 2025. https:\/\/www.axios.com\/2025\/09\/11\/senate-russia-sanctions-state-sponsor terror<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kumar, Ruchi. 2025. \u201c\u2018Basically Impossible to Get Them Back\u2019: Russia\u2019s Mass Abduction of  Ukrainian Children Is a War Crime, Say Experts.\u201d The Guardian. The Guardian. June  27, 2025. https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2025\/jun\/27\/russia-ukrainian-children abduction-war-crime<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lysiansky, Pavel , Liza Denisova, and Vira Yastrebova. 2025. \u201cFrom Deportation to  Indoctrination: Destroying the Ukrainian Identity through Children.\u201d New York  Office. August 28, 2025. https:\/\/www.kas.de\/en\/web\/newyork\/un-agora-blog\/detail\/- \/content\/from-deportation-to-indoctrination-destroying-the-ukrainian-identity through-children-1<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ministry of Reintegration. 2022. \u201cCHILDREN of WAR.\u201d Childrenofwar.gov.ua. 2022.  https:\/\/childrenofwar.gov.ua<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ministerstvo vnitra \u010cR. 2021. \u201cDefinice Pojmu Terorismus – Ministerstvo Vnitra \u010cesk\u00e9  Republiky.\u201d Mv.gov.cz. 2021. https:\/\/mv.gov.cz\/clanek\/definice-pojmu terorismus.aspx<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Museum of Civilian Voices . 2024. \u201c\u2018I Was Taken to the Territory of the Russian Federation  under the Pretext of the Threat of Shelling.\u2019\u201d Civilvoicesmuseum.org. The Museum of  Civilian Voices. 2024. https:\/\/civilvoicesmuseum.org\/en\/stories\/mene-vyvezly-na-terytoriyu rf-pid-pryvodom-zagrozy-obstriliv<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mykhailenko, Dariia . 2025. \u201cUkrainian Families in Kherson Region Threatened with Child  Removal over Russian Passport Refusal.\u201d UNITED24 Media. July 31, 2025.  https:\/\/united24media.com\/latest-news\/ukrainian-families-in-kherson-region threatened-with-child-removal-over-russian-passport-refusal-10331<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6debrink, Carina, Special Rapporteur, and Foto Mostphotos. n.d. \u201cRussian Abductions and  Deportations of Ukrainian Children OSCE PA Parliamentary Support Team for  Ukraine Russian Abductions and Deportations of Ukrainian Children.\u201d  https:\/\/www.oscepa.org\/en\/documents\/ad-hoc-committees-and-working groups\/parliamentary-support-team-for-ukraine\/5294-russian-abductions-and deportations-of-ukrainian-children-by-carina-oedebrink-eng\/file<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Orlandi, Giorgia. 2025. \u201cEuronews.com.\u201d Euronews. euronews.com. November 20, 2025.  https:\/\/www.euronews.com\/2025\/11\/20\/back-from-captivity-ukrainian-children abducted-by-russia-share-their-stories<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Raymond, Nathaniel, Oona Hathaway, Caitlin Howarth, and Kaveh Khoshnood. 2024.  \u201cIntentional, Systematic, & Widespread: Russia\u2019s Program of Coerced Adoption and  Fostering of Ukraine\u2019s Childre.\u201d Yale School of Medicine. December 3, 2024.  https:\/\/medicine.yale.edu\/news-article\/russias-systematic-program-of-coerced adoption-and-fostering-of-ukraines-children\/<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Raymond, Nathaniel, and Caitlin Howarth. 2025. \u201cHRL Statement Re Adoption Website.\u201d  Yale School of Public Health. Yale School of Medicine. August 8, 2025.  https:\/\/ysph.yale.edu\/news-article\/statement-re-adoption-website\/<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Regional Center for Human Rights . 2024. \u201cWhere Is Russia Re-Educating Our Children: A  New Study by RCHR.\u201d 2024. https:\/\/rchr.org.ua\/en\/publications\/where-is-russia-re educating-our-children-a-new-study-by-the-rchr\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ribah, Yusuf Bala , and Aondowase Targba. 2023. \u201cIncessant Abduction of School Children  and Girl Child Education in Northwest Nigeria – International Journal of Research and  Innovation in Social Science.\u201d International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science. 2023. https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/articles\/incessant abduction-of-school-children-and-girl-child-education-in-northwest-nigeria\/<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Save Ukraine. n.d. \u201cRETURN EVERY CHILD.\u201d  https:\/\/www.warchild.org.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/2025-09\/Return_Every_Child_Report_WCUK.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

 U.S. Government Publishing Office. 2024. \u201cCongressional Bills 118th Congress.\u201d  Congress.gov. 2024. https:\/\/www.congress.gov\/118\/bills\/s4625\/BILLS 118s4625is.htm<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Umland, Andreas. 2024. \u201cRussia\u2019s Forcible Transfers of Unaccompanied Ukrainian Children  Responses from Ukraine, the EU and Beyond.\u201d https:\/\/www.ui.se\/globalassets\/ui.se eng\/publications\/other-publications\/russias-forcible-transfers-of-unaccompanied ukrainian-children.pdf<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

United Nations. 1989. \u201cConvention on the Rights of the Child.\u201d OHCHR. United Nations.  1989. https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/en\/instruments-mechanisms\/instruments\/convention rights-child<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

UNODC. n.d. \u201cCounter-Terrorism Module 4 Key Issues: Defining Terrorism.\u201d  www.unodc.org. https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/e4j\/fr\/terrorism\/module-4\/key issues\/defining-terrorism.html<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Watling, Tom. 2024. \u201cKidnapped, Abused, Humiliated \u2013 the Ukrainian Children Stolen by  Russia.\u201d The Independent. June 15, 2024.  https:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/news\/world\/europe\/ukraine-war-russia-children-putin b2487474.html<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yale School of Public Health. 2025. \u201cUkraine\u2019s Stolen Children: Inside Russia\u2019s Network of  Re-Education and Militarization.\u201d Yale School of Public Health. Yale School of  Medicine. September 16, 2025. https:\/\/ysph.yale.edu\/news-article\/ukraines-stolen children-inside-russias-network-of-re-education-and-militarization\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zin\u010denko, Mariana. 2023. \u201cRodi\u010dia Schov\u00e1vaj\u00fa Deti v Pivniciach, Aby Ich Neevakuovali \u2014 Kore\u0161pondentka O Situ\u00e1cii v Bachmute.\u201d \u0413\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0456\u043e. March 17, 2023.  https:\/\/hromadske.radio\/news\/2023\/03\/17\/u-bakhmuti-dosi-zalyshaiutsia-33-dytyny korespondentka<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Po ruskej inv\u00e1zii Ukrajiny 24. febru\u00e1ra 2022 ukrajinsk\u00e9 \u00farady ozn\u00e1mili \u00fanos tis\u00edcok ukrajinsk\u00fdch det\u00ed\u00a0 z okupovan\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00ed a ich presun do Ruskej feder\u00e1cie. V roku\u00a0 2023 vydal Medzin\u00e1rodn\u00fd trestn\u00fd s\u00fad zatyka\u010de na V. Putina a M. Lvovu-Belovu za nez\u00e1konn\u00fa\u00a0 deport\u00e1ciu det\u00ed, ktor\u00fa kvalifikoval ako vojnov\u00fd zlo\u010din. Hoci\u00a0 akademick\u00e1 literat\u00fara tieto \u010diny preva\u017ene analyzuje ako vojnov\u00e9 zlo\u010diny alebo genoc\u00eddu, ich mo\u017en\u00e9\u00a0 zaradenie do r\u00e1mca \u0161t\u00e1tneho terorizmu zost\u00e1va nedostato\u010dne presk\u00faman\u00e9.\u00a0<\/p>","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":2891,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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